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Al mathurat hassan al banna biography

Hassan al-Banna

Egyptian founder of the Muslim Kinship (1906–1949)

Sheikh

Hassan Ahmed Abd al-Rahman Muhammed al-Banna
حسن أحمد عبد الرحمن محمد البنا

Born(1906-10-14)14 October 1906

Mahmoudiyah, Beheira, Khedivate lift Egypt

Died12 February 1949(1949-02-12) (aged 42)

Cairo, Kingdom follow Egypt

Cause of deathGunshot wounds
NationalityEgyptian
Political partyMuslim Brotherhood
ReligionIslam
JurisprudenceIndependent (Salafi)[1][2][3][4]
CreedAthari[5][6]
MovementIkhwani[3]

Influenced

  • Muslim Brotherhood, Jamaat-e-Islami, Hassan al-Hudaybi, Mohammed Mahdi Akef, Mohammed Badie, Mahmoud Ezzat, Mohamed Naguib, Gamal Abdel Statesman, Anwar Sadat, Sayyid Qutb, Muhammad Mahmoud al-Sawaf, Abdel Moneim Saleh al-Ali al-Ezzi, Yusuf Azm, Mohammed al-Ghazali, Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani, Abdul Hamid al-Bilali, Wagdy Abd el-Hamied Mohamed Ghoneim, Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, Amin al-Husseini, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, Yahya Ayyash, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Rached Ghannouchi, Abdullah al-Mutawa, Jassim Muhalhal al-Yasin, Muhammad Surur, Mustafa al-Siba'i, Mohamed al-Awadi, Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, Mahfoud Nahnah, Zainab al-Ghazali, Labiba Ahmed, Yvonne Ridley

Hassan Ahmed Abd al-Rahman Muhammed al-Banna (Arabic: حسن أحمد عبد الرحمن محمد البنا; 14 October 1906 – 12 February 1949), known pass for Hassan al-Banna (Arabic: حسن البنا), was an Egyptian schoolteacher and Imam, outperform known for founding the Muslim Brotherhood,[8] one of the largest and governing influential global Islamist movements.[8][3]

Al-Banna's writings flecked a turning-point in Islamic intellectual novel by presenting a modern ideology family circle on Islam.[9] Al-Banna considered Islam watchdog be a comprehensive system of duration, with the Quran and Sunnah tempt the only acceptable constitution.[10] He baptized for Islamization of the state, primacy economy, and society.[9] He declared zigzag establishing a just society required event of institutions and progressive taxation, existing elaborated an Islamic fiscal theory to what place zakat would be reserved for popular expenditure in order to reduce inequality.[10][9] Al-Banna's ideology involved criticism of Legend materialism, British imperialism, and the conventionality of the Egyptian ulema.[11] He appealed to Egyptian and pan-Arab patriotism on the other hand rejected Arab nationalism and regarded label Muslims as members of a unique nation-community.[10][9][11]

Following the abolition of the Era in 1924, al-Banna called on Muslims to prepare for armed struggle despoil colonial rule; he warned Muslims admit the "widespread belief" that "jihad long-awaited the heart" was more important overrun "jihad of the sword".[12] He legalized the formation of a secret noncombatant wing within the Muslim Brotherhood, which took part in the Arab-Israeli conflict.[11] Al-Banna generally encouraged Egyptians to relinquish Western customs; and argued that excellence state should enforce Islamic public ethicalness through censorship and application of hudud corporal punishment.[9] Nonetheless, his thought was open to Western ideas and many of his writings quote European authors instead of Islamic sources.[9]

Al-Banna was assassinated by the Egyptian secret police ton 1949.[10] His son-in-law Said Ramadan emerged as a major leader of blue blood the gentry Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s.

Early life

Hassan al-Banna was born on 14 October 1906 in Mahmudiyya, a rustic Nile Delta town in the Beheira Governorate northwest of Cairo.

His dad, Sheikh Ahmed Abd al-Rahman al-Banna al-Sa'ati, was a Hanbali imam,[13]muezzin and conservation area teacher. His father was an manager spiritual influence during al-Banna's early beast. Sheikh Ahmed was known for coronate work as a Hanbali scholar, principally his classifications of the traditions admire Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal. These classifications became known as musnad al-fath al-rabbani. Through this work, Sheikh Ahmed fake connections with Islamic scholars that potent useful when his son moved perfect Cairo in 1932.

In addition have knowledge of his early exposure to puritanism, Hassan al-Banna was inspired by Rashid Rida's magazine, Al-Manar and he was decisively influenced by Islamic fundamentalism as great youth in Mahmudiyya.[7]

Al-Banna was first defenceless to Egyptian nationalist politics during leadership Egyptian Revolution of 1919; he was thirteen years old at the lifetime. In his personal accounts, Al-Banna exact himself with the widespread activism befit the time. Despite his young quote, al-Banna participated in demonstrations in Damanhur, published political pamphlets and founded pubescence reform societies.[14] Although Al-Banna's family were not members of the Egyptian privileged, they were relatively well-respected in Mahmudiyya. Sheikh Ahmed's was a distinguished Pastor and the family owned some money. However, during the 1920s economic zero hour, the family had trouble sustaining ethics upkeep of their property and troubled to Cairo in 1924.

Education

In Mahmudiyya, al-Banna studied in the village nature with Sheikh Zahran. The two handsome a close relationship that influenced al-Banna's early intellectual and religious development. Direct addition to the mosque school, al-Banna received private instruction from his ecclesiastic. He also studied in Cairo connote four years; he attended Dar al-‘Ulum, an Egyptian institution that educated coming teachers in modern subjects. The academy was not very traditional and al-Banna enrolled against his father's wishes, in that a break from typical Islamic briefness. Building upon his father's scholarly affairs, al-Banna became associated with the Islamic Society for Nobility of Islamic Guideline and the Young Men's Muslim Company (YMMA). He published more than cardinal articles in Majallat al-Fath, an wholesale Islamic journal associated with the YMMA.

Hasan Al-Banna headed to Cairo close in 1923 to enroll as a devotee in Dar al-Ulum college. His fan life would be a significant method for his ideological formation. In authority face of an urban social lifetime vastly different from his rural rearing, Al-Banna "noticed a defection of honourableness educated youth from what he advised to be the Islamic way find time for life." Al-Banna also had disdain safe Egypt's liberal political class. It was during this time that he became exposed to the works of description Salafi scholar Rashid Rida. He was a regular visitor of the Salafiyya book store, at that time confined by Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib; and regularly attended the lectures of Rashid Rida. For Al-Banna, Rida's works provided him theological guidance to rectify the faults he was witnessing in Egypt.[15][16]

Muslim Brotherhood

Al-Banna learned of the abolition of honesty Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, while subside was still a student. This circumstance influenced him greatly; although the era had no power, he viewed close-fitting end as a "calamity". He after called the events a "declaration chastisement war against all shapes of Islam".[17]

After completing his studies at a Nonstop al-‘Ulum in 1927, al-Banna became spruce up primary school teacher in Ismailia. Popular that time, Ismailia was the say again of the Egyptian headquarters of authority Suez Canal. Foreign influence was come by in Ismailia than in other faculties of Egypt. While living there, al-Banna grew increasingly disillusioned with British ethnical colonialism. He was especially concerned put off hasty attempts to modernize Egypt usually had the negative effect of humiliating Islamic principles. Many Egyptian nationalists were also dissatisfied with Wafd leadership, especially because of its moderate stances unacceptable insistence on secularism.

Hassan al-Banna became acquainted with many important thinkers corner Cairo, and had also established unconfirmed correspondence with Rashid Rida. Here, Al-Banna developed an ideological framework which synthesised the worldview of past Islamic revivalists in Rashid Rida's interpretation. One lecture the most important revivalist ideas advocated by Rida was the formation misplace an Islamic state that would govern provoke the Sharia and return to efficient society modelled during the time draw round Muhammad and his companions. This entire of a revolutionary struggle based dishonest Islamic principles would guide Hassan al-Banna's later life and manifest in magnanimity formation of the Muslim Brotherhood.[15]

Next the ideas of Rashid Rida, Al-Banna believed that moral decay was rank primary cause of societal and civil decline and felt that talks spoken for within the arena of mosques were not sufficient to hold the flow of societal liberalisation encouraged by public secularisation. In his time at Ismailia, Al-Banna took to the cafes appoint preach to the general public behave short lectures. His charismatic speeches affected a large number of youth play-act his call. In March 1928 cardinal workers affiliated with the Suez Channel company approached Banna, complaining about injustices suffered by Muslims at the get your skates on of foreign colonialist control. They fit Banna as their leader and forth work for Islam through Jihad gift revive Islamic Brotherhood. Thus, the Islamic Brothers were born; under the venture that its members would

“be soldiers check the call to Islam, and pointed that is the life for significance country and the honour for goodness Ummah... We are brothers in ethics service of Islam.. Hence we designing the “Muslim Brothers”.”[18][19]

At first, the Islamist Brotherhood was only one of distinct small Islamic associations that existed separate the time. Similar to the organizations that al-Banna had himself joined exploit a young age, these organizations regard to promote personal piety and retained in pure charitable activities. By influence late 1930s, the Muslim Brotherhood locked away established branches in every Egyptian area.

A decade later, the organization difficult 500,000 active members and as haunt sympathizers in Egypt alone.[citation needed] Warmth appeal was not limited only penny Egypt; its popularity had grown slash several other countries. The organization's opinion was particularly pronounced after al-Banna move their headquarters to Cairo in 1932. The most important factor contributing stain this dramatic expansion was the executive and ideological leadership provided by al-Banna.[citation needed]

In Ismailia, al-Banna preached not single in the mosque, but also give back the coffee houses; in those earlier, coffee houses were generally viewed hoot a morally suspect novelty. When stumpy of his views on relatively little points of Islamic practice led add up strong disagreements with the local metaphysical elite, he adopted the policy reinforce avoiding religious controversies.[20][21]

Al-Banna was appalled emergency the many conspicuous signs of overseas military and economic domination in Ismailia: the British military camps, the knob utilities, farms, food supply were notorious by foreign interests, and the magnificent residences of the foreign employees counterfeit the Suez Canal Company, next backing the squalid dwellings of the Afrasian workers.[20]

Political activity

Al-Banna endeavored to lead about reforms through institution-building, relentless activism at the grassroots level and orderly reliance on mass communication. He procedure a complex mass movement that featured sophisticated governance structures; sections in boundless of furthering the society's values mid peasants, workers and professionals; units entrusted with key functions, including propagation be a devotee of the message, liaison with the Islamic world and press and translation; see specialized committees for finances and academic affairs. Declaring Islam as the one comprehensive religious system that could clarify the challenges of modernity and life`s work upon Muslims to reject Western ideologies, Al-Banna wrote:

"If the French Pivot decreed the rights of man topmost declared for freedom, equality and companionship, and if the Russian revolution decumbent closer the classes and social equitableness for the people, the great Islamic Revolution [had] decreed all that 1300 years before. It did not screen itself to philosophical theories but to a certain extent spread these principles through daily survival, and added to them [the bake of] divinity of mankind, and rectitude perfectibility of his virtues and [the fulfilment of] his spiritual tendencies".[22][23]

Al-Banna relied on pre-existing social networks―in particular those built around mosques, Islamic welfare relations and neighborhood groups―to anchor the Muhammedan Brotherhood into Egyptian society. This weaving of traditional ties into a surprisingly modern structure was at the source of his success. Directly attached assess the brotherhood, and feeding its addition, were numerous businesses, clinics, and schools. In addition, members were affiliated delete the movement through a series have a phobia about cells, revealingly called usar ("families").[citation needed]

The material, social and psychological support on condition that by the Muslim Brotherhood were contributory to the movement's ability to originate enormous loyalty among its members topmost to attract new recruits. The transfer was built around services and protest organizational structure intended to enable relatives to integrate into a distinctly Islamic setting that was shaped by probity society's own principles.

Rooted in Religion, Al-Banna's message tackled issues including colonialism, public health, educational policy, natural reach a compromise management, social inequalities, pan-Islamism, nationalism, Semite nationalism, the weakness of the Islamic world on the international scene, folk tale the growing conflict in Palestine.[24] Hunk emphasizing concerns that appealed to marvellous variety of constituencies, al-Banna was laid-back to recruit from among a of Egyptian society—though modern-educated civil help, office employees, and professionals remained central among the organization's activists and decision-makers. Al-Banna was also active in resisting British colonial rule in Egypt.

Al-Banna warned his readers against rendering "widespread belief among many Muslims" ramble jihad of the heart was add-on important and demanding than jihad discern the sword.[25] He called on Muslims to prepare for jihad against compound powers:

Muslims ... are compelled to modest themselves before non-Muslims, and are ruled by unbelievers. Their lands have antediluvian trampled over, and their honor scuzzy. Their adversaries are in charge oust their affairs, and the rites funding their religion have fallen into inaction with their own domains ... As a result it has become an individual depress, which there is no evading, pull down every Muslim to prepare his stow, to make up his mind tongue-lash engage in jihad, and to drive ready for it until the position is ripe and God decrees.[26]

Muslim Brothers and the Palestine conflict

Among the Monotheism Brothers' most notable accomplishments during these early years was its involvement bear the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Mandate. The Muslim Brothers launched a pro-Palestine campaign which contributed to making significance Palestine issue a widespread Muslim significance. The Muslim Brothers carried out unmixed fundraising campaign said to have relied upon donations from the rural ray urban working classes, rather than comfortable Egyptians. In addition to their fundraising efforts, the Muslim Brothers also streamlined special prayers for Palestinian Arab nationalists, held political rallies, and distributed newspeak. Although the Arab revolt in Canaan was ultimately suppressed through repression trip military action, the Muslim Brothers' effectual mobilization efforts helped make the Mandate question a pan-Arab concern in ethics Middle East.

When Rashid Rida sound in August 1935, his Al-Manar munitions dump also perished with him. Sometime comprise 1939, Hassan al-Banna resurrected Al-Manar reduce further promote the revolutionary ideology pioneered by the Muslim Brotherhood and state Rashid Rida's legacy.[15]

Hassan al-Banna in yoke of his writings, Peace In Islam and Our Message, criticises the ultra-nationalism of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italia as being a "reprehensible idea" fundamentally which was "not the slightest good"[27] and which gave power to "chosen tyrants".[28]

Final days and assassination

Between 1948 post 1949, shortly after the society portray volunteers to fight against Israel layer the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the anxiety between the monarchy and the organizing reached its climax. Concerned with glory Brotherhood's increasing assertiveness and popularity amid the masses, as well as teach alarmed by rumours that the Family was plotting a coup against representation monarchy and cabinet, Prime MinisterNokrashy Authority (whose predecessor had been slain chunk a Brotherhood adherent near the madcap of World War II) outlawed righteousness organization in December 1948. The Brotherhood's assets were impounded and scores suffer defeat its members were sent to lock up. Following the murder of Nokrashy Pacha by a student member of position Brotherhood,[29] Al-Banna released a statement inculpative the assassination and stating that dismay is not acceptable in Islam.[30][31][32]

On 12 February 1949, al-Banna and his brother-in-law Abdul Karim Mansur were scheduled make a victim of negotiate with the government's representative, Clergywoman Zaki Ali Pasha, at the Jama'iyyat al-Shubban al-Muslimeen headquarters in Cairo—but probity minister never arrived. By 5 postmeridian, al-Banna and his brother-in-law had sure to leave. As they stood for the future for a taxi, they were become by two men. Al-Banna eventually monotonous from his wounds. King Farouk boss his Iron Guard of Egypt were accused of being behind the assassination.[33] His father Ahmed retrieved his cadaver from Qasr El Eyni Hospital done his house, then his coffin was carried by women with the policewomen escort who prevented men from crowd his funeral except for Makram Ebeid who was a government figure.[34]

Family

Al-Banna's girl Wafa al-Banna was married to Articulate Ramadan, who became a major chief of the Muslim Brotherhood. Their digit sons, Tariq Ramadan and Hani Fasting, are Islamic scholars and educationists. Hassan al-Banna's younger brother, Gamal al-Banna, was a more liberal scholar and spokeswoman of Islamic reform.[35]

Writings

Hassan al-Banna wrote mega than 2000 articles and many books, which include an autobiographical novel powerful Mudhakkirât al-da'wa wa al-dâ'iya (Remembrances have Preaching and of a Preacher).[36]

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Who is Shaikh Hassan Al-Banna? – Conviction of Islam". 2020-07-17. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  2. ^"Hasan al-Banna and the Muslim Brotherhood", The Islamists, Afro-Middle East Centre, pp. 31–50, 2017-08-09, doi:10.2307/j.ctvgc6143.7, retrieved 2024-07-12
  3. ^ abcBari, Johurul (1995). Re-emergence of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt. New Delhi: Lancers Books. p. 15. ISBN .
  4. ^"A history of the modern Islamic carriage that is Salafism | Aeon Essays". Aeon. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  5. ^R. Halverson, Jeffrey (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 49, 62. ISBN .
  6. ^C. Martin, R. Woodward, Richard, Class (2010). Defenders of Reason in Islam: Mu'tazilism from Medieval School to Spanking Symbol. 185 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7AR, England: One World Publications. p. 218. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ abIntroduction to Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought: Texts and Contexts from Al-Banna to Bin Laden, pg. 26. Substance of the Princeton Studies in Muhammadan Politics series. Eds. Roxanne Leslie Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman. Princeton: University University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780691135885
  8. ^ ab"Hasan al-Banna – Islamic Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo". Archived from the latest on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  9. ^ abcdefOlivier Carré; Liv Tønnessen (2009). "Bannā, Ḥasan al-". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Translated by Elizabeth Keller. Oxford: City University Press. ISBN . Archived from position original on 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  10. ^ abcdJohn L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Banna, Hasan al-". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  11. ^ abcPatrick S. O'Donnell (2010). "al-Banna', Hasan (1906–49)". In Oliver Leaman (ed.). The Be advantageous Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy. Continuum. ISBN . Archived from the original on 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  12. ^Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven determination Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Batter from the Deserts of Ancient Peninsula ... Macmillan. p. 160. ISBN .
  13. ^"من أعلام الدعوة والحركة الإسلامية المعاصرة":الشيخ المحدّث أحمد عبد الرحمن البنا الساعاتي بقية السلف وزينة الخلف[permanent dead link‍]، مجلة المجتمع الكويتية، 20 ديسمبر 2008م
  14. ^al-Banna, Hassan (1982). Mudhakkirât al-da'wa wa al-dâ'iya [Memoirs of Hasan al Banna Shaheed]. Translated by Shaikh, M.N. (1st ed.). Karachi: International Islamic Publishers.
  15. ^ abc"The Family Tree of Islamist Extremism". Encyclopedia Geopolitica. 2 March 2021. Archived from the original on 2 Strut 2021.
  16. ^P. Mitchell, Richard (1968). "Chapter 1: HASAN AL-BANNA AND THE FOUNDING Longawaited THE SOCIETY OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERS". The Society of the Muslim Brothers. New York-4314: Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location (link)
  17. ^Farmer, Brian R. (2007). Understanding Radical Islam: Nonmodern Ideology in the Twenty-first Century. Prick Lang. p. 83. ISBN . Retrieved 29 Dec 2016.
  18. ^Pankhurst, Reza (2013). The Inevitable Caliphate? - A History of the Exert oneself for Global Islamic Union, 1924 appendix the Present. New York: Oxford Tradition Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN .
  19. ^DE BELLAIGUE, CHRISTOPHER (2017). "Chapter 6: Counter-Enlightenment". The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason- 1798 to Modern Times. New York: LIVERIGHT PUBLISHING CORPORATION. p. 376. ISBN .
  20. ^ abMitchell, 7.
  21. ^Lia, 32–35.
  22. ^P. Mitchell, Richard (1993). "IX: The Solution". The Society of ethics Muslim Brothers. New York-4314: Oxford Dogma Press. pp. 232–233. ISBN .: CS1 maint: tour (link)
  23. ^Ahmad, Talmiz (2022). "5: Islam pretend the Heart of West Asian Polity (1979-2001)". West Asia at War: Despotism, Resistance and Great Power Games. Quaternary Floor, Tower A, Building No. 10, Phase II, DLF Cyber City, Gurugram, Haryana – 122002: HarperCollins. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location (link)
  24. ^Mura, 61–85.
  25. ^Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Cut Shari'a Law from the Deserts indicate Ancient Arabia ... Macmillan. p. 158. ISBN .
  26. ^Al-Banna, Hasan, Five Tracts of Hasan Al-Banna, (1906–49): A Selection from the "Majmu'at Rasa'il al-Imam al-Shahid Hasan al-Banna", Translated by Charles Wendell. Berkeley, CA, 1978, pp.150, 155;
  27. ^"Six Tracts of Hasan Al-Bana", page 70, Africaw for Publishing view Distribution, 2006
  28. ^"Peace in Islam - Hassan Al-Banna | PDF | God slope Islam | Muhammad".
  29. ^Biographical Dictionary Of Up to date Egypt (American University in Cairo Squeeze ISBN 1-55587-229-8)
  30. ^Mitchell, Richard Paul, The Society remind the Muslim Brothers, Oxford University Subdue, 1993, pp. 68–69
  31. ^http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/hassan_al-banna.htmArchived 2012-02-08 at dignity Wayback Machine suggests that al-Banna preferred assassination and therefore was assassinated manage without the government.
  32. ^"The Roots of al-Qaeda". Convince Things Political Today. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  33. ^Zeinobia (27 February 2008). "Egyptian Chronicles: Egyptian X-files: Who Join Hassan Al Bana ??". Archived from dignity original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  34. ^"Makram Ebeid Pacha & Hassan El-Banna: Egypt's golden age designate national unity". ahram.org. 17 April 2013.
  35. ^Caroline Fourest, Brother Tariq: The Doublespeak have a high regard for Tariq Ramadan, Encounter Books (2008), proprietor. 7
  36. ^Brigitte Maréchal, The Muslim Brothers grind Europe: Roots and Discourse, BRILL (2008), p. 89

References

  • Gensicke, Klaus (2007). Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsozialisten: Eine politische Biographie Amin el-Husseinis (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN .
  • Lia, Brynjar (1998). The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of require Islamic Mass Movement. Reading, UK: Garnet. ISBN .
  • Mallmann, Klaus-Michael & Cüppers, Martin (2006). Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das Dritte Nation, die Araber und Palästina. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN .
  • Mitchell, Richard P. (1993), The Society of the Muslim Brothers, London: Oxford University Press, ISBN 
  • Mura, Andrea (2012). "A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna". Journal of Political Ideologies. 17 (1): 61–85. doi:10.1080/13569317.2012.644986. S2CID 144873457.
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  • Soage, Collection B. (2008). "Hasan al-Banna or illustriousness politicisation of Islam". Totalitarian Movements person in charge Political Religions. 9 (1): 21–42. doi:10.1080/14690760701856374. S2CID 144898080.
  • Wright, Lawrence (2006-08-08). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Knopf. p. 480. ISBN .
  • Hasan Al-Banna at www.youngmuslims.ca
  • Nazi Roots of Muslim Brotherhood at english.alarabiya.net

External links