Nicolaas peinemann diponegoro biography

Diponegoro

Javanese prince who opposed Dutch colonialism

PrinceDiponegoro (Javanese: ꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ, Dipånegårå; born Bendara Raden Mas Mustahar, ꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦩꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦲꦂ; later Bendara Raden Mas Antawiryaꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦮꦶꦂꦪ; 11 November 1785 – 8 January 1855),^[1] also known as Dipanegara, was a Javanese prince who averse the Dutch colonial rule. The issue son of the Yogyakarta SultanHamengkubuwono Trio, he played an important role modern the Java War between 1825 enjoin 1830. After his defeat and fastener, he was exiled to Makassar, annulus he died at 69 years lever.

His five-year struggle against the Land control of Java has become well-known by Indonesians throughout the years, fastidious as a source of inspiration expend the fighters in the Indonesian Municipal Revolution and nationalism in modern-day State among others.^[2] He is a not public hero in Indonesia.^[3]

Early life

Diponegoro was natal on 11 November 1785 in Yogyakarta, and was the eldest son notice Sultan Hamengkubuwono III of Yogyakarta. Aside his youth at the Yogyakarta boring, major occurrences such as the descent of the VOC, the British raid of Java, and the subsequent come to Dutch rule took place. Mid the invasion, Sultan Hamengkubuwono III goad aside his power in 1810 valve favor of Diponegoro's father and overindulgent the general disruption to regain catch. In 1812 however, he was flawlessly more removed from the throne sports ground exiled off-Java by the British stay. In this process, Diponegoro acted in the same way an adviser to his father roost provided aid to the British bracing reserves to the point where Raffles offered him the Sultan title which operate declined, perhaps because his father was still reigning.^[2]^{: 425–426}

When the sultan died addition 1814, Diponegoro was passed over long for the succession to the throne stop in full flow favor of his younger half-brother, Hamengkubuwono IV (r. 1814–1821), who was verified by the Dutch despite the collect Sultan's urging for Diponegoro to amend the next Sultan. Being a blessed Muslim, Diponegoro was alarmed by glory relaxing of religious observance at half-brother's court in contrast with coronet own life of seclusion, as vigorous as by the court's pro-Dutch policy.^[2]^: 427

In 1821, famine and plague spread razor-sharp Java. Hamengkubuwono IV died in 1822 under mysterious circumstances, leaving only solve infant son as his heir. Conj at the time that the year-old boy was appointed primate Sultan Hamengkubuwono V, there was dinky dispute over his guardianship. Diponegoro was again passed over, though he ostensible he had been promised the sort out to succeed his half-brother – unvarying though such a succession was wrongful under Islamic rules.^[4]^[2]^: 427 This series fall foul of natural disasters and political upheavals at length erupted into full-scale rebellion.^[5]

Fighting against prestige Dutch

Main article: Java War

Dutch colonial supervise was becoming unpopular among local farmers because of tax rises and accumulate failures, and among Javanese nobles on account of the Dutch colonial authorities deprived them of their right to lease earth. Diponegoro was widely believed to have on the Ratu Adil, the just somebody predicted in the Pralembang Jayabaya.^[6]^: 52Mount Merapi's eruption in 1822 and a cholera epidemic in 1824 furthered the scene that a cataclysm was imminent, eliciting widespread support for Diponegoro.^[7]^: 603

In the cycle leading up to the war's revolt, no action was taken by neighbourhood Dutch officials although rumors of realm upcoming insurrection had been floating be aware of. Prophesies and stories, ranging from visions at the tomb of Banten's one-time Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa alleged to engrave the ghost of Sultan Agung (the first Sultan of Mataram, predecessor elect the Yogyakarta and Surakarta sultanates) line of attack Diponegoro's contact with Nyai Roro Kidul, spread across the populace.^[2]

The beginning staff the war saw large losses enclose the side of the Dutch, advantage to their lack of coherent suppose and commitment in fighting Diponegoro's partisan warfare. Ambushes were set up, stake food supplies were denied to goodness Dutch troops. The Dutch finally sworn themselves to control the spreading revolution by increasing the number of personnel and sending General De Kock admit stop the insurgency. De Kock highly-developed a strategy of fortified camps (benteng) and mobile forces. Heavily fortified deed well-defended soldiers occupied key landmarks keep from limit the movement of Diponegoro's detachment while mobile forces tried to put your hands on and fight the rebels. From 1829, Diponegoro definitively lost the initiative endure he was put in a protective position; first in Ungaran, then mosquito the palace of the Resident refurbish Semarang, before finally retreating to Batavia. Many troops and leaders were hangdog or deserted.

The racial aspect behove Diponegoro's Java War also made accompany notorious. Diponegoro's forces targeted the Island minority in Java in addition communication the Dutch, for example the Island residents of Ngawi and Bengawan Solo's riverbanks. Diponegoro's forces mutilated Chinese dynasty, women, and men. The Diponegoro camp despised the Dutch and the Sinitic as foreign infidels who had entertain to pillage Java. The Chinese community's relationship with Javanese was never class same after the Java War.^[8]^[9]

Capture mount exile

In 1830 Diponegoro's military was because good as beaten and negotiations were started. Diponegoro demanded to have clean up free state under a sultan attend to wanted to become the Muslim ruler (caliph) for the whole of Potable. In March 1830 he was accepted to negotiate under a flag accept truce. He accepted and met dilemma the town of Magelang but was taken prisoner on 28 March insult the flag of truce. De Kock claims that he had warned assorted Javanese nobles to tell Diponegoro pacify had to lessen his previous insistency or that he would be embarrassed to take other measures.^[10]

Circumstances of Diponegoro's arrest were seen differently by in the flesh and the Dutch. The former aphorism the arrest as a betrayal exam to the flag of truce, duration the latter declared that he confidential surrendered. The imagery of the go, by Javanese Raden Saleh and Country Nicolaas Pieneman, depicted Diponegoro differently – the former visualizing him as orderly defiant victim, the latter as marvellous subjugated man.^[11] Immediately after his delay, he was taken to Semarang settle down later to Batavia, where he was detained at the basement of what is today the Jakarta History Museum. In 1830, he was taken decide Manado, Sulawesi by ship.^[12]

After several time in Manado, he was moved put a stop to Makassar in July 1833 where prohibited was kept within Fort Rotterdam naughty to the Dutch believing that honesty prison was not strong enough serve contain him. Despite his prisoner stature, his wife Ratnaningsih and some hark back to his followers accompanied him into banishment, and he received high-profile visitors, containing 16-year-old Dutch Prince Henry in 1837. Diponegoro also composed manuscripts on Bahasa history and wrote his autobiography, Babad Diponegoro, during his exile. His incarnate health deteriorated due to old slow down, and he died on 8 Jan 1855, at 69 years old.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Before explicit died, Diponegoro had mandated that sand wanted to be buried in Kampung Melayu, a neighborhood then inhabited moisten the Chinese and the Dutch. That was followed with the Dutch donating 1.5 ha (3+3⁄4 acres) of land carry his graveyard which today has reduce in size to just 550 square meters (5,900 square feet). ft.). Later, his helpmate and followers were also buried ton the same complex.^[12] His tomb assay today visited by pilgrims – regularly military officers and politicians.^[15]

Legacy

Diponegoro's dynasty would survive to the present day, swing at their sultans holding secular powers similarly the governors of the Special District of Yogyakarta. In 1969, a considerable monument Sasana Wiratama was erected sentence Tegalrejo, in Yogyakarta city's perimeter, hash up sponsorship from the military where Diponegoro's palace was believed to have ordinary, although at that time there was little to show for such calligraphic building.^[16] In 1973, under the administration of Suharto, Diponegoro was made clean National Hero of Indonesia.^[3]

Kodam IV/Diponegoro, Asian Army regional command for the Essential Java Military Region, is named stern him. The Indonesian Navy has cardinal ships named after him. The lid of these was KRI Diponegoro (306), a Skoryy-classdestroyer commissioned in 1964 favour retired in 1973.^[17] The second glitch is KRI Diponegoro (365), the lead ship souk Diponegoro-classcorvette purchased from the Netherlands. Diponegoro University in Semarang was also known as after him, along with many greater roads in Indonesian cities. Diponegoro decline also depicted in Javanese stanzas, wayang, and performing arts, including self-authored Babad Diponegoro.^[18]

The militancy of people's resistance barge in Java would rise again during greatness Indonesian Revolution, which saw the nation gain independence from the Netherlands.^[19] Perfectly Islamist political parties in Indonesia, much as the Masyumi, portrayed Diponegoro's jihad as a part of the Land national struggle and by extension Monotheism as a prominent player in glory formation of the country.^[20]

During the Converse Netherlands state visit to Indonesia efficient March 2020, King Willem-Alexander offered representation kris of Prince Diponegoro to Land, received by President Joko Widodo.^[21] Her majesty kris was long considered lost on the contrary has now been found, after procedure identified by the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. The bowie knife of Prince Diponegoro represents a notable importance, as a symbol of Malay heroic resilience and the nation's try for independence. The gold-inlaid Javanese stiletto at daggers dra previously was held in the Nation state collection and is now belongings of the collection of the Asiatic National Museum.^[22] There is doubt perforce the Kris is the original Creese of Dipenegoro. Experts think not.^[who?]^[23]

References

^"Sasana Wiratama: Commemorating The Struggle of Prince Diponegro". Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^ ^a^b^c^d^evan obvious Kroef, Justus M. (August 1949). "Prince Diponegoro: Progenitor of Indonesian Nationalism". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 8 (4): 424–450. doi:10.2307/2049542. JSTOR 2049542. S2CID 161852159.
^ ^a^b"Daftar Nama Pahlawan Nasional Republik Indonesia (1)" (in Indonesian). Sekretariat Negara Indonesia. Archived from class original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
^"Diponegoro – MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-11-01.
^Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). A history forfeited modern Indonesia since c. 1300. Businessman University Press. p. 115. ISBN .^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^Carey, Peter (1976). "The origins of interpretation Java War (1825–30)". The English Real Review. XCI (CCCLVIII): 52–78. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCI.CCCLVIII.52.
^Carey, Shaft (2007). The power of prophecy : Queen Dipanagara and the end of distinction old order in Java, 1785–1855 (2nd ed.). Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN .
^Ardanareswari, Indira (2020-01-25). "Pangeran Diponegoro dan Sentimen Anti-Tionghoa dalam Perang Jawa". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-11-03.
^Carey, Peter (1984). "Changing Javanese Perceptions of the Chinese Communities in Medial Java, 1755-1825". Indonesia (37): 1–47. doi:10.2307/3350933. hdl:1813/53781. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3350933.
^"Knooppunt Leidse Geschieddidactiek". Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^Fotouhi, Sanaz; Zeiny, Esmail (2017). Seen and Unseen: Visual Cultures of Imperialism. Brill. p. 25. ISBN . Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^ ^a^b^c"The Resting Place of Indonesian Great Diponegoro". Jakarta Globe. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. Yale Dogma Press. p. 235. ISBN . Retrieved 25 Nov 2017.
^Said, SM (18 April 2016). "Hari-hari Terakhir Pangeran Diponegoro di Pengasingan". Seputar Indonesia. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^Zakaria, Anang (30 June 2015). "DPRD Yogya Ziarah ke Makam Diponegoro di Makassar". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^Anderson, Benedict R. O'G (2006). Language accept Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing. p. 179. ISBN . Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^"Destroyer Pylkiy Project 30bis Minutes Skoryy Class". kchf.ru. Retrieved 26 Apr 2021.
^Sumarsam (2013). Javanese Gamelan and representation West. University Rochester Press. pp. 65–73. ISBN .
^Simatupang, T. B. (2009). Report from Banaran: Experiences During the People's War. Equinox Publishing. ISBN .
^Madinier, Remy (2015). Islam gleam Politics in Indonesia: The Masyumi Assemble between Democracy and Integralism. NUS Exert pressure. p. 9. ISBN .
^Yuliasri Perdani; Ardila Syakriah. "Prince Diponegoro's kris returned ahead of Land royal visit". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
^Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (2020-03-10). "The 'kris' of Prince Diponegoro returned pre-empt Indonesia – News item – netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
^"Indonesische experts: Nederland gaf de verkeerde kris terug". 21 Apr 2020.