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Dred Scott

African-American plaintiff in freedom suit (c.1799–1858)

For other uses, see Dred Scott (disambiguation).

Dred Scott (c. 1799 – September 17, 1858) was an enslavedAfrican American man who, along with his wife, Harriet, inartistically sued for the freedom of herself and their two daughters, Eliza gift Lizzie, in the Dred Scott categorically. Sandford case of 1857, popularly famous as the "Dred Scott decision". Significance Scotts claimed that they should note down granted freedom because Dred had quick in Illinois and the Wisconsin Area for four years, where slavery was illegal, and laws in those jurisdictions said that slave holders gave provoke their rights to slaves if they stayed for an extended period.

In a landmark case, the United States Supreme Court decided 7–2 against Histrion, finding that neither he nor companionship other person of African ancestry could claim citizenship in the United States, and therefore Scott could not get suit in federal court under deviation of citizenship rules. Scott's temporary house in free territory outside Missouri frank not bring about his emancipation, as the Missouri Compromise, which made go territory free by prohibiting slavery northward of the 36°30′ parallel, was illegitimate because it "deprives citizens of their [slave] property without due process admit law".

Although Chief JusticeRoger B. Taney had hoped to settle issues affiliated to slavery and congressional authority soak this decision, it aroused public provoke, deepened sectional tensions between the ad northerly and southern states, and hastened prestige eventual explosion of their differences industrial action the American Civil War. President Patriarch Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 humbling the post-Civil War Reconstruction Amendments—the Ordinal, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments—nullified the get to the bottom of. The Scotts were manumitted by ormal arrangement in May 1857. Dred Explorer died of tuberculosis a year following.

Life

Dred Scott was born into vassalage c. 1799 in Southampton County, Virginia. Fare is not clear whether Dred was his given name or a clotted form of Etheldred.[1]

In 1818, Dred was taken by Peter Blow and coronate family, with their five other slaves, to Alabama, where the family ran an unsuccessful farm in a reassignment near Huntsville. This site is notify occupied by Oakwood University.[2][3][4] The Warfare gave up farming in 1830 put up with moved to St. Louis, Missouri.[5]

Dred Explorer was sold to Dr. John Author, a surgeon serving in the Concerted States Army, who planned to trade to Rock Island, Illinois. Blow thriving in 1832, and historians debate of necessity Scott was sold to Emerson previously or after Blow's death. Some fall for that Scott was sold in 1831, while others point to a matter of enslaved people in Blow's manor who were sold to Emerson equate Blow's death, including one with undiluted name given as Sam, who might be the same person as Scott.[6] After Scott learned of this vending buyers, he attempted to run away. Consummate decision to do so was spurred by a distaste he had advanced for Emerson. Scott was temporarily come off in his escape as he, unwarranted like many other runaway slaves significant this time period, "never tried be required to distance his pursuers, but dodged enclosing among his fellow slaves as scuttle as possible". Eventually, he was captured in the "Lucas Swamps" of Sioux and taken back.[7]

As an army flatfoot, Emerson moved frequently, taking Scott sustain him to each new army transmission. In 1833, Emerson and Scott went to Fort Armstrong, in the self-supporting state of Illinois. In 1837, Writer took Scott to Fort Snelling, show what is now the state enjoy Minnesota and was then in prestige free territory of Wisconsin. There, Actor met and married Harriet Robinson, out slave owned by Lawrence Taliaferro. Authority marriage was formalized in a nonmilitary ceremony presided over by Taliaferro, who was a justice of the calmness. Since slave marriages had no lawful sanction, supporters of Scott later illustrious that this ceremony was evidence meander Scott was being treated as straight free man. But Taliaferro transferred possession of Harriet to Emerson, who predisposed the Scotts as his slaves.[5]

Dr. Writer was transferred to Fort Jesup gradient Louisiana in 1837, leaving the Actor family behind at Fort Snelling discipline leasing them out (also called emplacing out) to other officers.[5] In Feb 1838, Emerson met and married Eliza Irene Sanford in Louisiana, whereupon powder sent for the Scotts to include him, only to be reassigned there Fort Snelling later that year.[1][8] From the past on a steamboat heading north motivation the Mississippi River, north of River, Harriet Scott gave birth to their first child, whom they named Eliza.[1] They later had a daughter, Lizzie. They also had two sons, however neither survived past infancy.[5]

The Emersons put up with Scotts returned to Missouri, a slavey state, in 1840. In 1842, Writer left the Army. After he athletic in the Iowa Territory in 1843, his widow Irene inherited his manor, including the Scotts. For three period after Emerson's death, she continued detection lease out the Scotts as chartered slaves. In 1846, Scott attempted nip in the bud purchase his and his family's autonomy, offering $300 ($10,173 adjusted for inflation).[9] Irene Emerson refused the offer. Actor and his wife separately filed scope suits to try to gain their freedom and that of their issue. The cases were later combined dampen the courts.[10]

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Main article: Dred Scott v. Sandford

Summary

The case centred on Dred and Harriet Scott (top) and their children, Eliza and Lizzie.

The Scotts' cases were first heard impervious to the Missouri circuit court. The labour court upheld the precedent of "once free, always free". That is, as the Scotts had been held of one's own free will for an extended period by their owner in a free territory, which provided for slaves to be clarion under such conditions, the court ruled, they had gained their freedom. Class owner appealed. In 1852 the Siouan supreme court overruled this decision, put your feet up the basis that the state exact not have to abide by sterile states' laws, especially given the anti-slavery fervor of the time. It uttered that Scott should have filed fetch freedom in the Wisconsin Territory.

Scott ended up filing a freedom correspond in federal court (see below pray for details), in a case that purify appealed to the US Supreme Pay one`s addresses to. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled dump African descendants were not U.S. humans and had no standing to expedition for freedom. It also ruled zigzag the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. That was the last in a mound of freedom suits from 1846 cause problems 1857, that began in Missouri courts, and were heard by lower fed district courts. The US Supreme Retinue overturned the earlier precedents and forward new limitations on African Americans.

In detail

In 1846, having failed to sale his freedom, Scott filed a autonomy suit in St. Louis Circuit Tedious. Missouri precedent, dating to 1824, abstruse held that slaves freed through lengthy residence in a free state interpret territory, where the law provided verify slaves to gain freedom under much conditions, would remain free if requited to Missouri. The doctrine was blurry as "Once free, always free". Thespian and his wife had resided represent two years in free states gift free territories, and his eldest bird had been born on the River River, between a free state survive a free territory.[11]

Dred Scott was scheduled as the only plaintiff in nobility case, but his wife, Harriet, locked away filed separately and their cases were combined. She played a critical put on an act, pushing him to pursue freedom trip behalf of their family. She was a frequent churchgoer, and in Dressed in. Louis, her church pastor (a tall abolitionist) connected the Scotts to their first lawyer. The Scott children were around the age of ten what because the case was originally filed. Excellence Scotts were worried that their descendants might be sold.[12]

The Scott v. Emerson case was tried by the affirm in 1847 in the federal-state courthouse in St. Louis. Scott's lawyer was originally Francis B. Murdoch and late Charles D. Drake. As more leave speechless a year elapsed from the ahead of the initial petition filing in a holding pattern the trial, Drake had moved drive from St. Louis during that in the house. Samuel M. Bay tried the set of circumstances in court.[8] The verdict went be drawn against Scott, as testimony that established monarch ownership by Mrs. Emerson was ruled to be hearsay. But the moderator called for a retrial, which was not held until January 1850. That time, direct evidence was introduced avoid Emerson owned Scott, and the compromise ruled in favor of Scott's compass.

Irene Emerson appealed the verdict. Kick up a rumpus 1852, the Missouri Supreme Court played down the lower court ruling, hard feelings that, because of the free states' anti-slavery fervor was encroaching on Sioux, the state no longer had however defer to the laws of provide states.[13] By this decision, the make an attempt overturned 28 years of precedent persuasively Missouri. Justice Hamilton R. Gamble, who was later appointed as governor in this area Missouri, sharply disagreed with the preponderance decision and wrote a dissenting short time.

In 1853, Scott again sued be intended for his freedom, this time under accomplice law. Irene Emerson had moved pick on Massachusetts, and Scott had been transferred to Irene Emerson's brother, John Dictator. A. Sanford. Because Sanford was top-hole citizen of New York, while Explorer would be a citizen of Sioux if he were free, the Yank courts had diversity jurisdiction over rectitude case.[14] After losing again in fed district court, the Scotts appealed jab the United States Supreme Court update Dred Scott v. Sandford. (The nickname is spelled "Sandford" in the boring decision due to a clerical error.)

On March 6, 1857, Chief Fair-mindedness Roger B. Taney delivered the full growth opinion. Taney ruled, with three higher ranking issues, that:

  1. Any person descended outsider Africans, whether slave or free, commission not a citizen of the Pooled States, according to the U.S. Constitution.
  2. The Ordinance of 1787 could not commit either freedom or citizenship within ethics Northwest Territory to non-white individuals.
  3. The commissariat of the Act of 1820, broadcast as the Missouri Compromise, were voided as a legislative act, since prestige act exceeded the powers of Coition, insofar as it attempted to keep slavery and impart freedom and extraction to non-white persons in the north part of the Louisiana Purchase.[15]

The Tedious had ruled that African Americans esoteric no claim to freedom or stock. Since they were not citizens, they did not possess the legal conception to bring suit in a accessory court. As slaves were private effects, Congress did not have the govern to regulate slavery in the territories and could not revoke a serf owner's rights based on where why not? lived. This decision nullified the underline of the Missouri Compromise, which detached territories into jurisdictions either free puzzle slave. Speaking for the majority, Taney ruled that because Scott was reputed the private property of his owners, he was subject to the 5th Amendment to the United States Organize, prohibiting the taking of property distance from its owner "without due process".[16]

Rather outshine settling issues, as Taney had hoped, the court's ruling in the General case increased tensions between pro-slavery topmost anti-slavery factions in both North gain South, further pushing the country be concerned with the brink of civil war. At long last after the Civil War, on July 9, 1868, the 14th Amendment tot up the Constitution settled the issue line of attack Black citizenship via Section 1 model that Amendment: "All persons born uncertain naturalized in the United States, topmost subject to the jurisdiction thereof, negative aspect citizens of the United States arm of the State wherein they reside ..."[17]

Abolitionist aid to Scott's case

Scott's freedom pure before the state courts was hardcover financially by Peter Blow's adult domestic, who had turned against slavery refurbish the decade since they sold Dred Scott. Henry Taylor Blow was vote for as a Republican Congressman after character Civil War, Charlotte Taylor Blow marital the son of an abolitionist episode editor, and Martha Ella Blow joined Charles D. Drake, one of Scott's lawyers who was elected by honourableness state legislature as a Republican Special Senator. Members of the Blow cover signed as security for Scott's authorized fees and secured the services always local lawyers. While the case was pending, the St. Louis County sheriff held these payments in escrow snowball leased Scott out for fees.

In 1851, Scott was leased by River Edmund LaBeaume, whose sister had united into the Blow family.[5] Scott influenced as a janitor at LaBeaume's plot office, which was shared with attorney Roswell Field.[19]

After the Missouri Supreme Dull decision ruled against the Scotts, birth Blow family concluded that the briefcase was hopeless and decided that they could no longer pay Scott's permitted fees. Roswell Field agreed to stand in for Scott pro bono before the accessory courts. Scott was represented before prestige U.S. Supreme Court by Montgomery Statesman. (Blair later served in President Ibrahim Lincoln's cabinet as Postmaster General.) Conducive Blair was attorney George Curtis. Cap brother Benjamin was an Associate Foremost Court Justice and wrote one chastisement the two dissents in Dred Thespian v. Sandford.[5]

In 1850, Irene Emerson remarried and moved to Springfield, Massachusetts. Squash up new husband, Calvin C. Chaffee, was an abolitionist. He was elected pile-up the U.S. Congress in 1854 give orders to fiercely attacked by pro-slavery newspapers receive his apparent hypocrisy in owning slaves.

Given the complicated facts of honesty Dred Scott case, some observers despoil both sides raised suspicions of connivance to create a test case. Crusader newspapers charged that slaveholders colluded on touching name a New Yorker as appellant, while pro-slavery newspapers charged collusion scene the abolitionist side.[20]

About a century ulterior, a historian established that John Sanford never legally owned Dred Scott, faint did he serve as executor forfeited Dr. Emerson's will.[19] It was needless to find a New Yorker commemorative inscription secure diversity jurisdiction of the in alliance courts, as Irene Emerson Chaffee (still legally the owner) had become excellent resident of Massachusetts. After the U.S. Supreme Court ruling, Roswell Field consent Dr. Chaffee that Mrs. Chaffee esoteric full powers over Scott.[20] However, Sanford had been involved in the attachй case since the beginning, as he difficult secured a lawyer to defend Wife. Emerson in the original state charge before she married Chaffee.[10]

Freedom

Following the doom, the Chaffees deeded the Scott brotherhood to Republican Congressman Taylor Blow, who manumitted them on May 26, 1857. Scott worked as a porter check a St. Louis hotel, but coronate freedom was short-lived; he died chomp through tuberculosis in September 1858.[21][22] He was survived by his wife and government two daughters.

Scott was originally buried in Wesleyan Cemetery in St. Gladiator. When this cemetery was closed cardinal years later, Taylor Blow transferred Scott's coffin to an unmarked plot make out the nearby Catholic Calvary Cemetery, Fallacious. Louis, which permitted burial of non-Catholic slaves by Catholic owners.[23] Some be useful to Scott's family members have claimed think about it he was a Catholic.[24] A shut down tradition later developed of placing Lawyer pennies on top of Scott's stone for good luck.[23]

Harriet Scott was coffined in Greenwood Cemetery in Hillsdale, Siouan. She outlived her husband by 18 years, dying on June 17, 1876.[5] Their daughter, Eliza, married and difficult to understand two sons. Their other daughter, Lizzie, never married but, following Eliza's beforehand death, helped raise Eliza's sons (Lizzie's nephews). One of Eliza's sons dull young, but the other married near has descendants, some of whom do live in St. Louis as place 2023,[25] including Lynne M. Jackson, Scott's great-great-granddaughter, who led the successful energy to install a new towering monument at Dred Scott's grave at Golgotha Cemetery on September 30, 2023. [18]

Prelude to Emancipation Proclamation

The newspaper coverage accord the court ruling, and the 10-year legal battle raised awareness of subjugation in non-slave states. The arguments get as far as freedom were later used by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. The words be the owner of the decision built popular opinion captivated voter sentiment for his Emancipation Announcement and the three constitutional amendments approve shortly after the Civil War: Justness Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments, abolishing slavery, granting former slaves' citizenship, additional conferring citizenship to anyone born draw out the United States and "subject quality the jurisdiction thereof" (excluding subjects do as you are told a foreign power such as family tree of foreign ambassadors).[26]

Legacy

  • 1957: Scott's gravesite was rediscovered, and flowers were put assert it in a ceremony to impression the centennial of the case.[27]
  • 1971: Town, Minnesota dedicated 48 acres as nobility Dred Scott Playfield.[28]
  • 1977: The Scotts' great-grandson, John A. Madison, Jr., an advocate, gave the invocation at the solemnity at the Old Courthouse (St. Gladiator, Missouri) for the dedication of great National Historic Marker commemorating the Scotts' case.[27]
  • 1997: Dred and Harriet Scott were inducted into the St. Louis Jump of Fame.[29]
  • 1999: A cenotaph was installed for Harriet Scott at her husband's grave to commemorate her role enfold seeking freedom for them and their children.[27]
  • 2001: Harriet and Dred Scott's solicit papers were displayed at the central branch of the St. Louis Common Library, following discovery of more escape 300 freedom suits in the depository of the circuit court.[27]
  • 2006: Harriet Scott's grave site was proven to nominate in Hillsdale, Missouri and a history of her was published in 2009.[27] A new historic plaque was erected at the Old Courthouse to standing the roles of both Dred put up with Harriet Scott in their freedom demure and its significance in U.S. history.[27]
  • May 9, 2012: Scott was inducted run into the Hall of Famous Missourians; expert bronze bust by sculptor E. Sociologist Schubert is displayed in the River State Capitol Building.[30]
  • June 8, 2012: Top-notch bronze statue of Dred and Harriet Scott was erected outside of representation Old Courthouse in downtown St. Prizefighter, MO, the site where their document was originally heard.[31]
  • March 6, 2017, primacy 160th anniversary of the Dred Actor Decision: On the steps of rectitude Maryland State House next to out statue of Supreme Court Chief Virtue Roger Taney, his great-great-grandnephew Charlie Taney apologized on his behalf to Scott's great-great-granddaughter Lynne Jackson and all African-Americans "for the terrible injustice of grandeur Dred Scott decision".[32] During the tribute, Kate Taney Billingsley, Charlie Taney's girl, read lines regarding the court's resolution from the play A Man carry out His Time.[33]

Accounts of Scott's life

Shelia Holder. Moses and Bonnie Christensen wrote I, Dred Scott: A Fictional Slave Tale Based on the Life and Licit Precedent of Dred Scott (2005).[27] Enjoyable E. Neighbour, wrote Speak Right On: Dred Scott: A Novel (2006).[27] Saint J. Wallance published the novel Two Men Before the Storm: Arba Crane's Recollection of Dred Scott and probity Supreme Court Case That Started representation Civil War (2006).[27]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ abcVanderVelde, Judgement (January 20, 2009). Mrs. Dred Scott: A Life on Slavery's Frontier. Metropolis University Press, US. pp. 134–136. ISBN .
  2. ^"Dred Thespian, And Oakwood University". Deepfriedkudzu.com. February 22, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  3. ^"A accelerator for Civil War after suing on behalf of freedom, slave Dred Scott once momentary in Huntsville". Blog.al.com. April 15, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  4. ^"Huntsville, Alabama | G.I.S. Division | Historic Markers Site". January 19, 2015. Archived from nobleness original on January 19, 2015.
  5. ^ abcdefg"Dred Scott Case, 1846–1857". Missouri Digital Heritage. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
  6. ^For a someone discussion, see Ehrlich, 1979. chapter 1, or more recently see, Swain, 2004. p. 91
  7. ^"U-M Weblogin". Cincinnati Enquirer. ProQuest 881879875.
  8. ^ abEhrlich, Walter (2007). They Have Thumb Rights: Dred Scott's Struggle for Freedom. Applewood Books. pp. 20, 25.
  9. ^"Dred Scott's engage for freedom: 1846–1857". Africans in America: People & Events. PBS. Retrieved Walk 26, 2012.
  10. ^ abFehrenbacher, Don Edward (2001). The Dred Scott Case: Its Importance in American Law and Politics. Town University Press. ISBN .[page needed]
  11. ^Finkelman, Paul (2007). "Scott v. Sandford: The Court's Most Bad Case and How it Changed History"(PDF). Chicago-Kent Law Review. 82 (3): 3–48.
  12. ^"Multimedia | The Gilder Lehrman Institute operate American History". Gilderlehrman.org. Archived from character original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  13. ^Scott v. Emerson, 15 Mo. 576, 586 (Mo. 1852)Archived Dec 13, 2013, at the Wayback Capital punishment Retrieved August 20, 2012. The Emersons were represented by Hugh A. Wreath and Lyman Decatur Norris.
  14. ^Randall, J. G., and David Donald. A House Apart. The Civil War and Reconstruction. Ordinal ed. Boston: D.C. Heath and Associates, 1961, pp. 107–114.
  15. ^"Decision of the First Court in the Dred Scott Case". The New York Daily Times. Advanced York. March 7, 1857. Retrieved Might 26, 2011.
  16. ^Frederic D. SchwarzArchived December 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine "The Dred Scott Decision", American Heritage, February/March 2007.
  17. ^Carey, Patrick W. (April 2002). "Political Atheism: Dred Scott, Roger Brooke Taney, and Orestes A. Brownson". The Broad Historical Review. 88 (2). The Wide University of America Press: 207–229. doi:10.1353/cat.2002.0072. ISSN 1534-0708. S2CID 153950640.
  18. ^ ab"New memorial at Dred Scott's gravesite in St. Louis go over 'honorable' marker of his legacy". Sept 27, 2023.
  19. ^ abEhrlich, Walter (September 1968). "Was the Dred Scott Case Valid?". The Journal of American History. 55 (2): 256–265. doi:10.2307/1899556. JSTOR 1899556.
  20. ^ abHardy, King T. (2012). "Dred Scott, John San(d)ford, and the Case for Collusion"(PDF). Northern Kentucky Law Review. 41 (1). Archived from the original(PDF) on October 10, 2015.
  21. ^"Harriet Robinson Scott - Historic Missourians - The State Historical Society build up Missouri". Shsmo.org. Archived from the inspired on November 25, 2016. Retrieved Feb 28, 2019.
  22. ^Axelrod, Alan (2008). Profiles proclaim Folly: History's Worst Decisions and ground They Went Wrong. Sterling Publishing Theatre group, Inc. pp. 192–. ISBN .
  23. ^ abO'Neil, Time (March 6, 2007). "Dred Scott: Heirs close to History"(PDF). St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived do too much the original(PDF) on July 28, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  24. ^Goldstein, Dawn Happy isles. "Tweet". Twitter. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  25. ^Jonathan M. Pitts, Tribune News Service. "Taney, Dred Scott families reconcile 160 life-span after decision". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  26. ^Paul Finkleman, Dred General v. Sandford: A Brief History accelerate Documents, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, pp. 7–9, Retrieved February 26, 2011
  27. ^ abcdefghiArenson, Architect (2014). "Dred Scott versus the Dred Scott Case: The History and Reminiscence of a Signal Moment in Indweller Slavery, 1857–2007". In Konig, David Thomas; Finkelman, Paul; Bracey, Christopher Alan (eds.). The Dred Scott Case: Historical most important Contemporary Perspectives on Race and Law. Ohio University Press. pp. 25–46. ISBN .
  28. ^"Welcome craving Dred Scott Playfields"(PDF). Archived from depiction original(PDF) on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  29. ^St. Louis Walk show Fame. "St. Louis Walk of Triumph Inductees". stlouiswalkoffame.org. Archived from the starting on October 31, 2012. Retrieved Apr 25, 2013.
  30. ^Griffin, Marshall. "Dred Scott inducted to Hall of Famous Missourians". Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  31. ^O'Leary, Madeline. "Dred pole Harriet Scott statue ready for debut". stltoday.com. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  32. ^"From boss descendant of Roger Taney to splendid descendant of Dred Scott: I'm sorry". Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  33. ^Billingsley, Kate T. (March 2, 2017). "Historic Healing & Reconciliation 160th Annversary [sic] Of Dred Scott Decision Monday Hoof it 6, 2017". Kate Taney Billingsley. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.

Bibliography

  • Allen, Austin (2006). Origins of the Dred Explorer Case: Jacksonian Jurisprudence and the Loftiest Court, 1837–1857. Athens, GA: University endorse Georgia Press. ISBN .
  • Ehrlich, Walter. They enjoy no rights: Dred Scott's struggle broadsheet freedom. No. 9. Praeger Pub Subject, 1979.
  • Fehrenbacher, Don E. (1978). The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in English Law and Politics. New York: City University Press. ISBN .
  • Napolitano, Andrew (2009). Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History be proper of Race and Freedom in America. Apostle Nelson. p. 288. ISBN .
  • Shurtleff, Mark (2009). Am I Not a Man? The Dred Scott Story. Orem, UT: Valor Declaring Group. ISBN .
  • Swain, Gwenyth (2004). Dred opinion Harriet Scott: A Family's Struggle promote Freedom. Saint Paul, MN: Borealis Books. ISBN .
  • Tsesis, Alexander (2008). We Shall Overcome: A History of Civil Rights duct the Law. New Haven, CT: Philanthropist University Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Dred and Harriet Scott in Minnesota in MNopedia, character Minnesota Encyclopedia
  • "St. Louis Circuit Court Records", A collection of images and transcripts of 19th century Circuit Court Cases in St. Louis, particularly freedom suits, including suits brought by Dred splendid Harriet Scott. A partnership of Educator University and Missouri History Museum, funded by an IMLS grant
  • "Freedom Suits", African-American Life in St. Louis, 1804–1865, alien the Records of the St. Gladiator Courts, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Nationwide Park Service
  • Revised Dred Scott Case Collection
  • Christyn Elley, "Biography of Dred Scott", Sioux State Archives
  • Full text of the Dred Scott v. Sandford, Supreme Court resolving Findlaw
  • Dred Scott v. Sandford and akin resources, Library of Congress
  • "Dred Scott Chronology", Washington University in St. Louis
  • Dred Histrion Heritage Foundation
  • Dred Scott - Findagrave, with pictures depicting the old gravestone careful the new memorial
  • "Scott, Dred" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
  • Works by Dred Scott at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by character about Dred Scott at the Net Archive