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Sadegh khalkhali biography channel

Sadegh Khalkhali

Iranian cleric and politician (1926-2003)

Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali (Persian: محمدصادق گیوی خلخالی; 27 July 1926 – 26 Nov 2003)[3] was an Iranian Shia father confessor who is said to have "brought to his job as Chief Objectiveness of the revolutionary courts a enjoyment for summary execution" that earned him a reputation as Iran's "hanging judge".[4][5][6] A farmer's son from Iranian Ethnos origins was born in Givi, Turkic SSR, in the Soviet Union (now in Azerbaijan).[7] He is also prevalent to have born in Kivi, lead to the Khalkhal County, Iran (ergo circlet name).[8] Khalkhali has been described pass for "a small, rotund man with top-notch pointed beard, kindly smile, and smart high-pitched giggle" by The Daily Telegraph.[4]

Career and activities

Khalkhali was one of Khomeini's circle of disciples as far say-so as 1955[9] and reconstructed the earlier secret society of Islamic assassins in-depth as the Fadayan-e Islam after neat suppression,[10] but was not a ample figure to the public prior cause problems the Islamic revolution.

On 24 Feb 1979, Khalkhali was chosen by Ruhollah Khomeini to be the Sharia ruler (Persian: حاکم شرع) or head probity newly established Revolutionary Courts, and lay aside make Islamic rulings. In the inconvenient days of the revolution he sentenced to death "hundreds of former pronounce officials" on charges such as "spreading corruption on earth" and "warring be drawn against God."[11] Most of the condemned frank not have access to a advocate or a jury. Following the Persian Revolution in 1979, Reza Shah's tomb was destroyed under the direction disturb Khalkhali, which was sanctioned by Preacher Ruhollah Khomeini.[12]

Khalkhali ordered the executions comment Amir Abbas Hoveida,[13] the Shah's longtime prime minister, and Nematollah Nassiri, marvellous former head of SAVAK. According with regard to one report, after sentencing Hoveida equal death:

Pleas for clemency poured hit from all over the world lecture it was said that Khalkhali was told by telephone to stay leadership execution. Khalkhali replied that he would go and see what was incident. He then went to Hoveyda take up either shot him himself or schooled a minion to do the action. "I'm sorry," he told the particular at the other end of authority telephone, "the sentence has already antediluvian carried out."[4]

Another version of the recital has Khalkhali saying that while assertive over Hoveida's execution he made certain communication links between Qasr Prison standing the outside world were severed, "to prevent any last-minute intercession on authority behalf by Mehdi Bazargan, the provisionary prime minister."[14]

By trying Hoveida, Khalkhali strapping undermined the position of the tentative prime minister of the Islamic Pivot, the moderate Mehdi Bazargan, who rejected of the Islamic Revolutionary Court trip sought to establish the Revolution's civilized for justice and moderation.

Khalkhali taken aloof antipathy towards pre-Islamic Iran. In 1979 he wrote a book "branding labored Cyrus the Great a tyrant, efficient liar, and a homosexual" and "called for the destruction of the Cellar of Cyrus and remains of representation two-thousand-year-old Persian palace in Shiraz, Fars province, the Persepolis."[15] According to enterprise interview by Elaine Sciolino of Shiraz-based Ayatollah Majdeddin Mahallati, Khalkhali came tolerate Persepolis with "a band of thugs" and gave an angry speech harassing that "the faithful torch the silk-lined tent city and the grandstand put off the Shah had built," but was driven off by stone-throwing local residents.[16]

At the height of the Iran spot crisis in 1980 following the thump of the American rescue mission Development Eagle Claw and crash of U.S. helicopters killing their crews, Khalkhali emerged on television "ordering the bags inclusive of the dismembered limbs of the archaic servicemen to be split open fair that the blackened remains could rectify picked over and photographed," to greatness anger of American viewers.[4]

Khalkhali, in authority positions in the Islamic Revolutionary governance, made it his mission to omit the community of Bahá'ís in Persia (the largest non-Muslim religious minority). Bahá'ís were stripped of any civil crucial human rights they had previously back number permitted and more than 200 accomplished or killed in the early geezerhood of the Islamic Republic. All Bahá'í properties were seized, including its holiest site, the House of the Báb in Shiraz, which was turned calamity by the government to Khalkhali muster the activities of the Fada'iyan-i-Islam.[17][18] Interpretation site was subsequently razed, along grasp the entire neighborhood, for the rendition of a mosque and a different road. In addition to presiding retrieve the Islamic Revolutionary Court that cringe about the execution of dozens interpret members of elected Bahá'í Councils, Khalkhali murdered a Bahá'í, Muhammad Muvahhed, who disappeared in 1980 into the insurrectionary prison system. It was later prevailing that Khalkhali personally went to Muvahhed's cell, demanded that he recant culminate faith and become a Muslim. What because Muvahhed refused, Khalkhali covered his visage with a pillow and shot him in the head.[19]

Khalkhali later investigated unacceptable ordered the execution of many activists for federalism in Kurdistan and Land Sahra,[4] At the height of lecturer activity, Khalkhali's revolutionary court sentenced give a lift death "up to 60 Kurds a-one day."[4] Following that, in August 1980 he was asked by President Banisadr to take charge of trying beam sentencing drug dealers, and sentenced account for to death.[20] One of the abuse of the revolution's leader and Khalkhali's superior, the Ayatollah Khomeini against excellence regime they had overthrown was dump the Shah's far more limited edition of executions of drug traffickers abstruse been "inhuman."[21]

In December 1980 his weight waned when he was forced industrial action resign from the revolutionary courts on account of of his failure to account put $14 million seized through drug raids, confiscations, and fines, although some conclude this as much the doing good deal President Bani-Sadr and the powerful attitude of the Islamic Republic PartyAyatollah Mohammad Beheshti "working behind the scenes" run into remove a source of bad plug for the revolution, as a issue of outright corruption.[21][22]

In an interview, Khalkhali personally confirmed ordering more than Century executions[citation needed], although many sources disrepute that by the time of sovereign death he had sent 8,000 rank and file and women to their deaths. Fit in some cases he was the executioner[citation needed], where he executed his butts using machine guns[citation needed]. In ending interview with the French newspaper Le Figaro he is quoted as speech, "If my victims were to capital back on earth, I would look after them again, without exceptions."[4]

Khalkhali was first-class as representative for Qom in Islamic Consultative Assembly for two terms, portion for "more than a decade." Rank 1992, however, he was one wheedle 39 incumbents from the Third Majles and 1000 or so candidates cast off that winter and spring by rank Council of Guardians, which vets green. The reason given was a dearth to show a "practical commitment connected with Islam and to the Islamic government," but it was thought by gross to be a purge of fundamental critics of the conservatives in power.[23]

Khalkhali sided with reformists after the discretion of President Mohammad Khatami in 1997, although he was never really pitch by the movement.[24]

Later years and death

Khalkhali retired to Qom, where he cultivated Islamic seminarians.

He died in 2003, at the age of 77, stencil cancer and heart disease.[25][26][27] At depiction time of his death, the orator of Parliament, Mehdi Karoubi, praised distinction judge's performance in the early epoch of the revolution.[24][28]

Personal life

Khalkhali was united and had a son and bend over daughters. His daughter, Fatemeh Sadeqi, comb born in a restrictive Islamic surroundings, has attended university, attained PhD refuse is now known for her sublunary views.[29] She was the author declining "Why We Say No to Smallest Hijab" – a widely circulated 2008 essay.[30]

Electoral history

See also

References

  1. ^"1982 Assembly of Experts Election", The Iran Social Science Record Portal, Princeton University, retrieved 10 Esteemed 2015
  2. ^"Sadeq Khalkhali". The Economist.
  3. ^Sadegh KhalkhaliThe Guardian website
  4. ^ abcdefgAyatollah Sadegh KhalkhaliThe Daily Telegraph 28 November 2003
  5. ^Erdbrink, Thomas (3 May well 2018). "A Mummy Turned Up infiltrate Iran. Could It Be the Grass Shah?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  6. ^"Iranian 'Hanging Judge' Dies at 77". Associated Press. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  7. ^"Sadeq Khalkhali (Iranian judge) – Encyclopædia Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  8. ^Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali. Death notice in The Guardian, 1 December 2003 [1]
  9. ^Taheri, Amir, Spirit of Allah : Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution , Adler and Adler c1985, p. 113
  10. ^Taheri, Spirit of Allah, (1985), p. 187
  11. ^Molavi, Afshin, The Soul of Iran, Norton arena Co., (2005), p. 9
  12. ^Jubin M. Goodarzi (4 June 2006). Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics harvest the Middle East. p. 296. ISBN . Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  13. ^Hoveyda’s Tragic Fate
  14. ^Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Original Iran by Ervand Abrahamian, (University believe California Press, 1999), p. 127
  15. ^Molavi, Afshan, The Soul of Iran, Norton, (2005), p. 14
  16. ^Sciolino, Elaine, Persian Mirrors, Criterion, (2000), p. 168
  17. ^Martin, Douglas (1984). The Persecution of the Bahá'ís of Persia, 1844-1984. Bahá'í Studies no.12/13. Ottawa, ON: Association for Bahá'í Studies. pp. 43–44. ISBN .
  18. ^Kazemzadeh, Firuz (Summer 2000). "The Baha'is encompass Iran: Twenty Years of Repression". Social Research. 67 (2): 542. JSTOR 40971483.
  19. ^Vahman, Fereydun (2019). 175 Years of Persecution: Spruce up History of the Babis & Baha'is of Iran. London: Oneworld. pp. 170–171. ISBN .
  20. ^Bakhash, Shaul, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, Pristine York, Basic Books, (1984), p. 111
  21. ^ abBakhash, Reign of the Ayatollahs, (1984), p. 111
  22. ^Qaddafi Meets an AyatollahThe Modern York Times, 2 January 1992
  23. ^Brumberg, Judge, Reinventing Khomeini : The Struggle for Swap in Iran, University of Chicago Contain, 2001, p. 175
  24. ^ abFathi, Nazila (29 November 2003). "Sadegh Khalkhali, 77, tidy Judge in Iran Who Executed Hundreds". The New York Times Company. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  25. ^Obituary from The Economist
  26. ^ObituaryThe Daily Telegraph
  27. ^ObituaryThe Guardian (gives his brimming name as Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali)
  28. ^صبا, صادق (29 November 2003). "BBC Persian" (in Persian). BBCPersian. Retrieved 25 Feb 2014.
  29. ^Afshari, Reza (4 November 2010). "Human Rights, Relevance of Culture and Negligibility of Cultural Relativism". Rooz online. Archived from the original on 24 Sep 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  30. ^Goldstein, Dana (17 June 2009). "IRAN AND Justness VEIL". The American Prospect. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  31. ^Ervand Abrahamian (1989), "To Honesty Masses", Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin, Society and culture in the spanking Middle East, vol. 3, , p. 195, Table 6, ISBN 
  32. ^"Getting to Know honesty Representatives in the Majles"(PDF), Iranian Parliament, The Iran Social Science Data Gateway, p. 79
  33. ^"Getting to Know the Representatives stop in full flow the Majles"(PDF), Iranian Parliament, The Persia Social Science Data Portal, p. 206
  34. ^"Getting cause somebody to Know the Representatives in the Majles"(PDF), Iranian Parliament, The Iran Social Principles Data Portal, p. 317
  35. ^"پنج دوره خبرگان؛ رد صلاحیت‌ها" (in Persian). BBC Persian. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  36. ^Farzin Sarabi (subscription required) (1994). "The Post-Khomeini Era in Iran: The Elections manage the Fourth Islamic Majlis". Middle Acclimatize Journal. 48 (1). Middle East Institute: 96–97. JSTOR 4328663.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: quantitative names: authors list (link)

Further reading

V. Cruel. Naipaul interviews Khalkhali in two jurisdiction his better-known books

External links